Filmographie/bibliographie

sur l'esclavage :  DJANGO    QUENTIN TARANTINO

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21768669

song about freedom:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Sz9v6080_g&feature=em-share_video_user

America's forgotten black cowboys

By Sarfraz Manzoor Texas

Like the Jamie Foxx character in Django Unchained, many of the Old West cowboys were black

 

Quentin Tarantino's Oscar-winning Western, Django Unchained, is one of relatively few Hollywood films depicting a black cowboy. In reality there were many, some of whose stories were borrowed for films starring white actors.

The most common image of the cowboy is a gun-toting, boot-wearing, white man - like John Wayne, or Clint Eastwood.

But the Hollywood portrayal of the Wild West is a whitewashed version of the reality. It is thought that about a quarter of all cowboys were black.

Like many people, Jim Austin - a college-educated, 45-year-old businessman - hadn't heard about the black presence in the Old West.

The discovery inspired him and his wife Gloria to set up the National Multicultural Western Heritage Museum in Fort Worth, Texas. It pays tribute to some of the forgotten black cowboys - men like Bill Pickett, a champion rodeo rider who invented bulldogging, a technique where he would jump from a horse on to a steer and take the animal down by biting on its lip.

Vincent Jacobs, now 80, battled racism as a rodeo rider in the 1950s

"The kids who are learning history in our schools are not being told the truth about they way the West was," says Austin.

"I bet you nine out of 10 people in this country think that cowboys were all white - as I did."

In the real Old West, as opposed to the film depiction, black cowboys were a common sight.

"Black cowboys often had the job of breaking horses that hadn't been ridden much," says Mike Searles, a retired professor of history at Augusta State University. His students knew him as Cowboy Mike because he gave lectures dressed in spurs, chaps and a ten-gallon hat.

"Black cowboys were also chuck wagon cooks, and they were known for being songsters - helping the cattle stay calm," he says.

Searles says his research, which included poring over interviews with ex-slaves in the 1930s, suggested black cowboys benefited from what he calls "range equality".

"As a cowboy you had to have a degree of independence," he says. "You could not have an overseer, they had to go on horseback and they may be gone for days."

Life was, nevertheless, harder for black cowboys than for their white counterparts.

Vincent Jacobs, 80, a former rodeo rider who lives near Houston, Texas, recalls the racism he faced when he was starting out.

"There would be separate rodeos for blacks and whites," he says. "It was hard, real hard - they would only let me perform after all the white people had been led out of the arena."

Every year the North East Trail Riders recreate the rides of former slaves

"Being a black cowboy was hard work," agrees 88-year-old Cleveland Walters, who lives just outside the town of Liberty, Texas.

"I hate to think of the racism I went through. When it was branding time, they'd put 20 cows in the pen and I was the one who had to catch them and hold them down. The brander was white - so in other words all the hard, dirty work was done by the black cowboys."

Both Jacobs and Walters grew up in the 1940s, watching Westerns but never seeing any black actors in major roles.

Not only did Hollywood ignore black cowboys, it plundered their real stories as material for some of its films.

The Lone Ranger, for example, is believed to have been inspired by Bass Reeves, a black lawman who used disguises, had a Native American sidekick and went through his whole career without being shot.

The 1956 John Ford film The Searchers, based on Alan Le May's novel, was partly inspired by the exploits of Brit Johnson, a black cowboy whose wife and children were captured by the Comanches in 1865. In the film, John Wayne plays as a Civil War veteran who spends years looking for his niece who has been abducted by Indians.

Bass Reeves was one of the first African-American lawmen

In recent years, black characters have appeared in Westerns such as Posse, Unforgiven and Django Unchained.

While Hollywood is finally starting to pay tribute to the black cowboys of yesteryear, their memory is also being honoured by the 200 members of the North Eastern Trail Riders Association, modern-day black cowboys and cowgirls.

Riding more than 100 miles in seven days on horses and in Western-style wagons, they regularly retrace the original trail rides that former slaves made.

"If something is not in the popular imagination, it does not exist," says Searles.

But why did Hollywood choose to so misrepresent the true racial diversity of the West?

"The American West is often considered the birthplace of America, where Americans were distinct from their European counterparts," says Searles.

"The West was where white men were able to show their courage. But if a black man could be heroic and have all the attributes that you give to the best qualities in men, then how was it possible to treat a black man as subservient or as a non-person?"

The Forgotten Black Cowboys, is broadcast on BBC Radio 4 at 1100 on 22 March.

You can follow Sarfraz Manzoor on Twitter @sarfrazmanzoor

Pour évoquer l'esclavage aux Etats Unis et son abolition   LINCOLN     S.  Spielberg

Amistad by Spielberg is based on the notable mutiny in 1839 by newly captured Mende slaves who took control of the ship La Amistad off the coast of Cuba, and the international legal battle that followed their capture by a U.S. revenue cutter. It became a United States Supreme Court case of 1841.

Sur la ségrégation: L'abolition de l'esclavage a laissé place à un autre système injuste illustré par les Lois : (JIM CROW LAWS )entre 1876 et 1964. Ces lois, qui constituaient l'un des principaux éléments de la ségrégation raciale aux États-Unis, distinguaient les citoyens selon leur appartenance « raciale » et tout en admettant leur égalité de droit elles imposèrent une ségrégation de jure dans tous les lieux et services publics^.

Les plus importantes introduisaient la ségrégation dans les écoles et dans la plupart des services publics, y compris les trains et les bus.

La ségrégation scolaire a été déclarée inconstitutionnelle par la Cour suprême des États-Unis en 1954 (arrêt Brown v. Board of Education). Les autres Lois Jim Crow ont été abolies par le Civil Rights Act de 1964.

It's 66 years since Jackie Robinson broke baseball's colour line – and Hollywood has done a fine job retelling his story

Pour évoquer l'immigration aux Etats Unis : AMERICA AMERICA  ELIA KAZAN

Pour combattre les clichés et le racisme:

' Le jour  ou il y aura sur les affiches aux murs des écoles,et dans les livres,des scientifiques, des inventeurs.... de toutes ls couleurs, le jour ou l'histoire des grandes civilisations africaines,asiatiques ou amérindiennes, telles que celles du Mali, de l'Inde ou du Mexique, sera enseignée, les mentalités évolueront.' Lilian Thuram